Conditions We Treat

Anaemia.

A common sign with many possible causes — the key is finding and treating the reason behind it.

Overview

What is anaemia?

Anaemia means the blood cannot carry enough oxygen around the body, either because there are too few red blood cells or too little haemoglobin (the protein in red cells that carries oxygen). It is very common and is picked up on a simple blood test.

Importantly, anaemia is a sign rather than a diagnosis in itself — there is always an underlying cause. Finding that cause is the most important part of the assessment, because it determines the right treatment.

Symptoms

How it can feel

Tiredness and low energy
Shortness of breath, particularly on exertion
Pale skin
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Palpitations
Headaches and reduced concentration

Mild anaemia may cause no symptoms at all and be found incidentally.

Causes

Common causes

Anaemia has many causes. Some of the most common include:

Iron deficiency — the single most common cause worldwide
Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency — affecting how red cells are made
Anaemia of chronic disease — linked to ongoing inflammation, infection or long-term illness
Blood loss — including from heavy periods or the gut
Kidney disease — reducing the hormone that drives red cell production
Bone marrow or red cell disorders — less common causes such as MDS, red cells breaking down early (haemolysis), or inherited conditions such as thalassaemia

Diagnosis

How it's investigated

The pattern on the blood test often points to the cause. The size of the red cells (the MCV) is a useful clue — small, normal or large red cells each suggest different causes and guide the next tests, which may include iron studies, vitamin B12 and folate, kidney function, and a blood film reviewed by a haematologist.

When to refer

When to see a haematologist

Unclear cause

Anaemia that isn’t explained by simple, common causes.

Not responding

Anaemia that persists despite appropriate treatment.

Marrow cause suspected

Where blood counts or the blood film suggest a bone marrow problem.

GPs are welcome to refer for assessment — see information for referrers.

Common questions

Frequently asked

What's the most common cause of anaemia?

Iron deficiency is by far the most common cause. Because it is a sign rather than a diagnosis, though, it is always worth confirming the specific reason.

Can anaemia be serious?

Often it reflects a simple, treatable cause such as low iron. Occasionally it is the first clue to something that needs specialist attention, which is why an unexplained or persistent anaemia should be assessed.

Do I need a referral?

Yes — a referral from your GP or specialist is needed for Medicare rebates. Your GP can carry out the initial tests and refer you if needed.

Been told you're anaemic?

Ask your GP for a referral, or contact our rooms to arrange assessment in Footscray.

This page provides general information only and is not a substitute for individual medical advice. It should not be used to diagnose or treat a health problem. Please speak with your GP or haematologist about your own circumstances. Last reviewed August 2026.